Planning To Meet Customer Requirements Essay

1(a)This assignment is based on organization called the Better business bureau located in North America. The fundamental aim of this organization is to ensure that business men achieve high standards and maintain them. The vision of the organization is an ethical market place where buyers and sellers can trust each other. The mission of the better bureau is to be the leader in advancing market place trust. The better business bureau is able to accomplish its mission by ensuring   that it works in a community of trustworthy businesses since the main aim of the business is to train its members on how to maintain their business ,hence it is easy to motivate business men to be trustworthy to each other. To accomplish its mission the better business bureau has set standards for market place trust. The main objective of the better business bureau is to setting up good standards in the market that promote trust. To fulfill its mission the better business bureau encourages and supports best practices. As being a good role model in the market place the better business bureau is main target is encouraging and supporting practices among businessmen. (b). one of the main objective of the business is celebrating market place role models. As a mentor that is encouraging good business practices the better business bureau acts as a good role model among business men. Another other main important objective for the better business bureau is denouncing substandard market place behavior. The organization is against bad business behaviors and untrustworthy business men practices. (c). Denouncing substandard market place behaviors has encouraged the organization to work closely with its members. Through the internet the better business bureau is always in contact with its customers thus encouraging good business behaviors among them. To ensure that high standards are set and maintained the better business bureau offer affordable education to all its members. The better business bureau also promotes the standards set by its members. To celebrate market place role model has been achieved by the better business bureau because the organization accepts only competent business to its system. Any qualified businesses do not qualify to becoming members of the organization. 2.(a) Stake holders The better business bureau has got many employees, customers and shareholders. The main stakeholders for the better business bureau are businessmen. i. Customers: The main customers for the better business bureau are businessmen. The better business bureau is an international organization for 133 better business bureaus across North America. The better business bureau has got 380, 000 business members that range in size from local enterprises to multinational corporations.   The better business bureau offers many services to its customers, like the better business bureau military line. This is mainly designed to meeting specific consumer needs of military personnel. The organization also has an international students ethic award where scholarships are offered to competent students.   ii. a).Employees: the better business bureau has got many employees. The main ones are accountants, managers, web designers, clerks, and the junior staff. The accountants are mainly involved in maintaining and ensuring that the better business bureau offers its services to standard, they oversee the day performance of the business. Also the web designers have been working hard in ensuring that the organization is well networked, with it business members by developing and ensuring that updated computer programmes have been designed that meet the requirements of the company. b) The employees of the better business bureau ensure the smooth running of its operations. For example the web designers ensure that the business is well networked with all its customers globally. The accountants of the better business bureau ensure that its records are well maintained and updated. The accounts also regularly countercheck the performance of the business members of the organization.   The customers of the better business bureau determine its performance. When many businesses join the bureau its performance improves. Quality: The quality of a product is the degree of the production perfection. Every product has to be manufactured to a particular specification regarding dimension, surface finish and hardness. Quality services: means offering of services that meet and fulfill the requirements of the customers. Quality management: This is a system that a company lays down in ensuring that it achieves its objectives. Quality management involves procedures and means involved in measuring and maintaining the quality of products or services offered by a company. c) Quality standards. The better business bureau has set up quality standards that monitor the daily performance of its duties. The better business bureau has been putting some measures like introducing online services that are set towards improving the quality of services the company offers. To promote the quality of services the company offers it has promoted the public trust in advertising. The better business bureau does its advertisement in order to foster truth and accuracy in national advertising through voluntary self-regulation.   To improve the quality of services the better business bureau offers it the business has been using online services to report its operations. d) Quality audit. The better business bureau offers quality services to its customers. The better business bureau meets the needs of its customers by enabling its customers to be using an online reporting and evaluation system. Through the internet customers make their requests to the company and they get the necessary feed back through the internet. Only competent and trustworthy businesses are member: The better business bureau encourages quality in its services by registering only qualified businesses as its members. The organization does not encourage illegal business practices among its members. The organization also supports many other good programs. The business offers other community services like scholarships to need students within the community. 4) Information review: To create a healthy, safe and productive working environment some information are essential. First information about a particular company is crucial. To understand its objectives, mission and vision. After understanding the objectives, mission and vision of the company then its possible to create a conducive working environment. To create a conducive working environment there should be a well laid down organizational structure for the company. The employees should understand their duties well. A good relationship should also exist between the junior and senior staff. To create a safe working environment all the employees should understand the necessary safety precautions, they should follow in performing their duties, they should also understand other necessary rules to be followed in performing their duties. For encouraging a productive working environment employees should be well conversant to their work. They should understand all the procedures of performing a specific task. b) The guidance that is in our work place that creates a healthy, safe and productive work environment is through regular training of employees. The better business bureau offers regular training to its employees on how to, have a heath work environment by encouraging employees to co-ordinate and network among themselves in ensuring that the required standards of working are achieved at the work place. The organization promotes a save working environment by encouraging its employees to observe safely measures like how to control emergence situation like fire in case of an emergence. The company also encourages a productive working environment by training its employees adequately. The better business bureau has trained its employees to be at a better position of offering recommended services to its customers. Training: The better business bureau trains its business managers on how to encourage many businesses to join the organization. The business managers are taught on how to face business men and how to promote good business practices in their businesses. For the better business bureau to create a healthy and productive environment among its members it usually monitors on their performance. Only businesses with performance, that is according to the required standards that the better business bureau serves. Risk analysis: (i)Political situations:- The political situation of America and other countries can affect the smooth running of the better business bureau. The political situation of countries that have member businesses registered with the better business bureau affect the smooth running of the organization. (ii)Exchange rates:-Due to high prices of oil and food, the global economy is performing poorly thus affecting the strength of the dollar particularly to poor countries. Thus the better business bureau being an international organization will be greatly affected. Potential business: -It becomes difficulty for the better business bureau to determine genuine businesses. Since the better business bureau deals only with competent business it becomes difficulty to know the trustworthy once. iv. Facing competition: the better business bureau faces competition from other international organization. Hence it is likely to lose some of its potential customers.

Celebration to Individualism in Mary Shelly’s “Frankenstein” Essay

What comes to mind when the idea of â€Å"Romantic Literature† enters your head? Immediate imageries consisting of two lovers, a rose, or even a starlit sky may come to mind. In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, she disproved these imageries by creating her own scenario with grotesque images and lonely characters. Many have overlooked this novel as a romantic literature but it is actually one that contains the most elements of a romantic literature. Romantic literature emerged through a movement called Romanticism. Romanticism can be defined as a movement in art and literature that revolted against rigid social conventions. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelly stresses the importance of individualism in Romantic Literature by developing various narratives of the story to generate perspectives of the same environment through different narratives. Robert Walton begins the novel through an epistolary frame for the actual story to build on. We learn that Walton is on a journey to venture to an area where no man has gone before and is also in search for a close companion. Although he is amongst a huge crew of men, he felt as if he was on the voyage by himself. He narrates the story through several letters to his sister until we learned that he encountered a new friend, â€Å"Victor Frankenstein†. Frankenstein then began to tell his story as the narrative switched from Walton to Frankenstein, the main narrator of the book. As the story shifts to Victor Frankenstein, we begin to understand his life story as an individual that was much isolated from everyone else. With the congregation of his life studies, Frankenstein was able to bring life or artificially gave birth to a grotesque monster. At first he was proud of his work but he later abandoned the creature due to its hideous looks. The monster proceeds to kill the people that are closest to Victor in his life, leaving him totally alone. Though torn by remorse, shame, and guilt, Victor refuses to admit to anyone the horror of what he has created, even as he sees the ramifications of his creative act spiraling out of control. Frankenstein then finds himself next to the monster in a cave as the monster decides to describe the loneliness he had felt ever since he was â€Å"born†. The monster that Frankenstein created began narrating his life and the  cruelty he had to endure alone. It is born eight feet tall and enormously strong but still has a mind much like a newborn. Abandoned by his creator, it was confused as it tried to integrate himself into society, only to be shunned universally. Looking in the mirror, he realizes his physical grotesqueness, an aspect of his being blinded society to his initially gentle, kind nature. Seeking revenge on his creator, he kills Victor’s younger brother. After Victor destroys his work on the female monster meant to ease the monster’s solitude, the monster murders Victor’s best friend and then his new wife. It was once in a gentle spirited nature, it had become angry and violent as it remained in solitude. The emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion is displayed through out the novel. The development of the characters in the story is presented by each character alone. The split narratives of these three characters allowed the story to unravel all the mysteries that the other narrators left out. Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster isolated themselves from others as each one told their own story. The celebration of individualism in the novel permitted a better understanding of each character individually as each one of them are left alone in the end.

Application for the Georgetown University Personal Statement

Application for the Georgetown University - Personal Statement Example The Georgetown University’s (GU) Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service has been deemed as the most appropriate academic endeavor that fits one’s personal and professional goals. I have always been intrigued and genuinely interested in politics since I was young. When I first knew about GU in the 8th grade from various peers whose family members and close of kin have pursued higher education there, I knew it is where I want to graduate from. It has always been my dream school. I am a gregarious individual, competitive and very confident in a positive way. I am a fast learner and manifested consistent eagerness to learn more and to excel in whatever endeavors I delve into. I struggled with my education at first by inadvertently making marginal choices but I appropriately learned from my mistakes. These minor setbacks made me the person I am today and I believe I am a better person who has clearly identified my goals. I am fighting the odds by pursuing Foreign Service, es pecially in my region; but it is my strong contention that through the ideals and values promoted by GU through the School of Foreign Service, I would be an instrumental contributor to our shared commitment for justice, equality and the universal availment of the common good. I am also particularly interested in empowering women and in promoting the value of diversity within conformity and adherence to ethical, moral and legal standards. I honestly believe that by being accepted to the program, I would be on my way to fulfilling a crucial task of doing what has originally been destined for me – all for the glory of God.

Women In US History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women In US History - Essay Example difference. But they have seldom talked about race (ibid 251). While white feminists have engaged in universalizing women’s culture and oppression from white (basically middle class) women’s experience and thereby failed to separate their whiteness from their womanness, Afro-American history also failed to examine the differential class and gender positions men and women occupy in black communities thereby constructing the image of a monolithic black community. This history reverberates with a male voice and is based on the experience of men (ibid 255-56). The social context for the construction of race as a tool for black oppression is historically rooted in the institution of slavery (ibid 256). The slaves were defined by law as â€Å"animate chattel†; they constituted property as well as a social class and were exploited under a system that sanctioned and institutionalized white ownership of black bodies and black labor. Women were denied right to their own bodies and sexuality. Women’s bodies and sexuality was under white ownership and this was institutionalized. It formed and essential part of the system of subordination and exploitation. The children the female slaves gave birth to immediately became the property of the slave masters (ibid 257). It reminds me of Alice Walker’s â€Å"Meridian†, where Meridian’s mother explained to her that Emancipation to female slaves meant that they could retain their own children. In the eyes of the slaveholders, slave women were not mothers at all. They were merely instruments guaranteeing the growth of the slave labor force. They were classified as â€Å"breeders†, animals as opposed to mothers. Hence, their infant children could be sold away like â€Å"calves from cows†. Courts ruled that female slaves had no legal claims on their children (Davis 7). Hard labor in the fields from sunrise to sunset was the norm. Where work was concerned, strength and productivity under the threat of the whip

Evidence Is The Basis of Justice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Evidence Is The Basis of Justice - Dissertation Example The dissertation "Evidence Is The Basis of Justice" presents the analysis of the treatment of criminal evidence in judicial trials under English law. In common law, the rule is that admissible evidence should be excluded if its probative value is more than offset by its illegitimately prejudicial effect. Probative value refers to the correct assessment of the significance evidence in relation to law and facts. The prejudicial effect is an incorrect assessment of the significance of evidence in relation to the erroneous application of law to the facts. Probative value and prejudicial effect are commensurable prone to a continuum of risk of error. In Maxwell v DPP, the House of Lords observed the exclusion of propensity evidence as ‘one of the most deeply rooted and jealously guarded principles of our criminal law’. Forty years later, in DPP v Boardman, House of Lords described the exclusion of propensity evidence as ‘pitted battlefield', obviously referring to the trajectory of treatment of exclusionary rule and admission of propensity evidence in some exceptional cases. In 2006, the High Court made a strict application of the exclusionary rule in Phillips v The Queen. This case involved the independent allegations of six teenage girls that the defendant known socially had raped or indecently assaulted them in like situations for over two years. The defendant denied the allegations and asserted that it was with the consent of some others. In the current U.K. law, the common law exclusionary rule has been abolished.... The defendant denied the allegations in some cases and asserted that it was with consent in some others. Since credibility of the complainants was in issue, judge allowed to tie all the cases together with cross-admissibility so as to justify admissibility of propensity evidence under exceptional circumstance, resulting in conviction of the defendant in respect of allegations of five out of the six complainants. Although the appeal court confirmed the decision, the High Court quashed the convictions holding that evidence should be excluded. However, retrials were ordered. This, an Australian case, was pursued further only by two of the complainants. One of them resulted in a hung jury with the complainant abandoning any further trial. The other ended in conviction for rape. Meanwhile, another complainant made a charge that the defendant while on bail awaiting retrial, raped her twice for which the defendant pleaded guilty. Thus, the cases ended with conviction of the defendant for si x and a half years of imprisonment and three years and three months non-parole.9 The current U.K. law in this connection is that common law exclusionary rule has been abolished with the enactment of Criminal Justice Act 2003 in part 11, Chapter 1.10. However, propensity evidence is relevant for only admission and it is for the trial judge to exclude it or not depending on whether it would be unjust or its likely to have adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings as per section 78 of Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PCE) 11 and s101 of Criminal Justice Act 200312. PCE actually provides for exclusion of unfair evidence. Part 11 of the Criminal Evidence Act 2003 deals with evidence of bad character which the common law had provided for

AlNabulsi sweet company in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

AlNabulsi sweet company in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example AlNabulsi sweet company in Saudi Arabia AlNabulsi sweet company is that deals in production, marketing and distribution of sweets and other confectioneries with sweet production reaching up to 250 varieties of sweet products. (Sinha 2006, p.30). On that note, AlNabulsi sweet company generates up to $ 690 in annual sales of its sweet products. The corporate mission of the sweet company, which is nearly 120 years old, is to be the best sweet company in the world by satisfying its clients every day. Several business strategies have been adopted by AlNabulsi sweet company in its approach to efficient maximum production and increased profits. There are strategic choices that have been utilized in the past; others are used presently while there are plans targeted for the future. For example, there is inter-sourcing or outsourcing where the AlNabulsi sweet company determines the tasks to conduct inside and outside the organization. Another one is designing commodity strategy in which the Company establishes a well explained report of its purchases (Ahlstrom & Bruton 2009, p.375). On that note the company has several objectives that can help it achieve the above business strategies in the next 5 years. These objectives are attainable because of the several resources the company has such enough, human labor, machinery like sweet processing machines, skilled personnel and large number premises among others. These include: (a) Expansion Regionally Currently, AlNabulsi sweet company is f ound in more than 80 countries with supplies to more than about 100 million users. It plans to spread to more than 150 countries in the next five years. Similarly, the company targets nations with vibrant economy in the Middle East and other Arabian nations in Africa for its expansion such as Iraq, Pakistan, Iran, Egypt, Tunisia and Indonesia among others. Regional expansion in these countries boosts spending of consumers and thus increases the chances of the company in meeting its strategies (Sinha 2006, p.30).

Experiences of Colonization by Indigenous People Essay - 4

Experiences of Colonization by Indigenous People - Essay Example And who furthermore have maintained at least in part their distinct linguistic, cultural and social/organizational characteristics and, in doing so, remain differentiated in some degree from the surrounding populations and dominant culture of the nation-state Several other related terms are also in vogue e.g. aborigines, native peoples, first peoples, Fourth World, first nations and autochthonous (derived from Greek, meaning â€Å"sprung from the earth†). However, in this era of political correctness, the term Indigenous People is more commonly used to avoid implications of racism etc. [1]. Indigenous peoples living in more than 70 countries, of whom approximately 150 million live in the Commonwealth countries. These are; Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea (South Pacific), Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, and Malaysia (South and South East Asia), Botswana, South Africa, Namibia, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda (Africa), and Canada, Guyana, and Belize (North Americas and the Caribbean).† [2]. Despite the diversity of indigenous peoples, it may be noted that they share common problems and issues in dealing with the prevailing, or invading, society. They are generally concerned that the cultures of indigenous peoples are being lost and that indigenous peoples suffer both discrimination and pressure to assimilate into their surrounding societies. This is borne out by the fact that the lands and cultures of nearly all of the peoples listed at the end of this article are under threat. Notable exceptions are the Sakha and Komi peoples (two of the Northern Indigenous Peoples of Siberia), who now control their own autonomous republics within the Russian state.  

Literature Review aboutsociocultural and economic impacts of the Essay

Literature Review aboutsociocultural and economic impacts of the development of tourism in China - Essay Example How China manages this new influx of tourism will determine what effects it will have on the country and its people. According to People's Daily (25 November 2002), Humen is a town located in south China in Guangdong Province with a population of over 700,000. In recent years, Humen has become the center of "a booming garment industry" (People's Daily 2002). Since 1996, The China Humen International Garment Trade Fair "has attracted the attention of garment enterprises from countries including the United States and France" (People's Daily 2002). Through the garment trade, Humen is growing economically, which means that, like other areas of China, they are improving their economies and receiving tourists. Humen will have to deal with many of the same questions and issues with which all of China must deal as tourism, industry, and trade continue to grow. The socio-cultural and economic impact of growth and tourism in Humen and other areas of China are not separate issues. The two are, in fact, intertwined, and one affects the other. According to Andrew Watson (1999) in his paper presented to The Leadership Conference of Conservancy and Development, the issue of growth and development in all provinces in China must be viewed from both the economic and cultural contexts. Watson (1999) feels that some of the policies of the government in China have been favorable to economic development. As economic life improves in China, so will cultural life, as some of the regional disparities between provinces begin to disappear. On the other hand, Oakes (2000) warns that rather than alleviate some regional rivalries, economic development and tourism could lead to regionalism in some of the provinces. His belief is that places like Humen may "scale up" more local, place-based identities creating even more "provincial culture" (Oakes 2000, p. 669). The danger here is that the efforts of one area to increase its economy and attractiveness as a tourist destination will undermine cooperation between provinces. In addition, he says, " 'local' and the 'regional' are now regarded as more salient scales for asserting cultural identity than the nation-state" (Oakes 2000, p. 670). In many ways, it would no longer be the government of China identifying what is "Chinese," but it would be the individual provinces creating their own separate cultural identity. Places like Humen, which has developed its economy through the garment industry, have also become attractive to tourists and business visitors. One of the things that people find when they visit Humen, as well as other provinces in China, is that its "cultural heritage is a resource, an asset" (Zheng 2000). When visitors discover the cultural richness of Humen and the other towns and provinces in China, these areas become tourist destinations. While this is good for the economy, it creates other difficulties for the local and national governments. Trevor and Li (1998) have examined both the positive and negative effects of the increase in tourism in China from international, national, and provincial perspectives. According to the study they have done, Trevor and Li (1998) note that in order for these areas to remain desirable to tourists, it will be the responsibility of the Chinese government to make certain that the

Explain the myth of the Golden Carp and explore its significance in Essay

Explain the myth of the Golden Carp and explore its significance in Antonio' spiritual coming of age in Anaya's Bless Me, Ultima - Essay Example Antonio feels difficulty to lead a life in between the conflicts of his father’s and mother families, namely, the Marez and the Juans. These conflicts, along with his mother persuasion to make him a Catholic priest and his father’s wish to join him with the Marez, wild and untamed vaqueros, also poses several questions in Antonio’s mind and seeks answers to all these questions with the help of Ultima, the Curandera—the traditional folk healer. An overview of the novel clearly brings out the role of myth which predominates from the beginning to the end. The purpose of the study is to unveil the significance of the myth of golden carp on Antonio and explore its significance in Antonios spiritual coming of age. Among the different myths used in the novel, one can see that the myth of the golden carp plays a decisive role in determining or guiding the story. â€Å"The myth of the golden carp is certainly the most significant myth used in the novel, particularly because it helps to elucidate Antonio’s increasing anxiety and eventual acceptance of the differing religious beliefs that he encounters† (Bless Me, Ultima Study Guide). The role of the minor myths on the novel also is not negligible as they help the readers to have glimpse of Mexican –American culture. When tracing the origin of the myths, it leads us to Aztec Mythology of Mexican-American culture which supported polytheism. Antonio had to meet many different kinds of myth all through the novel and each had a dominant influence in his character formation. The myth of the golden carp brings new perspectives to Antonio when he identifies it as different from Catholicism. The myth of golden carp was takes substance from the Aztec legend according to which, â€Å"there were four ages of the world or â€Å"suns† before the present world, each of which was destroyed by an individual

Connex Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Connex Market Research - Essay Example en the system was established, it was set up under assumptions and predictions made for stricter working hours and it is for the same reason that express trains were rarely run. However, express services had to be introduced as time passed and the 1970s saw a major revamping of the Melbourne Train System. These changes were welcomed by commuters and the 1980s and 1990s saw an increasing number of people choosing to take the train rather than to drive to their destinations (Morphet, 2008). However, the system was not designed to meet an exponential increase in passenger demand and had to be stretched in its functioning in order to cope with the same. Issues began to develop in scenarios where train paths crossed each other and express trains had to share tracks as well as junctions, causing delays to take place. Considering the nature of the train system, it is evident that a single delayed train can cause a chain reaction of delays for other trains as well. Once a delay occurs or a train is taken off operation, it causes an increase in the number of passengers trying to board an individual train, causing an increase in the time required for passengers to get on and off the trains. This time is also often referred to as Dual Time (Middeldorp & Klop, 2005). The increase in dual time causes trains to take longer at each station, causing even more increased delays. It is therefore clear that the implications in the case of a single delay in the train transport system are very similar to a Domino Effect. Needless to say, there is a strong need for safety to remain uncompromising at all times but it is imperative to note that unless a balance between safety and efficiency is maintained, the train begins to lose its utility as a commuting mean. On January 28, rail commuters in Melbourne found themselves facing what came to them as nothing less than an odyssey when they discovered that nearly 200 trains had been cancelled, bringing a halt to services on three lines.

End of Life Care Essay Example for Free

End of Life Care Essay When a loved one is dying, conversations about the end of life can be uncomfortable and difficult. Still, discussing end-of-life care is important. Depending on the circumstances, you might be able to help your loved one make important end-of-life decisions — such as whether to remain at home, move to a nursing home or other facility, or seek hospice care. Also, you can work with your loved ones health care team to make sure your loved one remains comfortable at the end of life. Pain, anxiety and other end-of-life symptoms can often be treated. Even at the end of life, you can continue to support and nurture your relationship with your loved one. Simply being there can be an important source of strength and comfort for everyone. Grief When a loved one dies, grief can feel like a dagger in your heart. Often, grief triggers raw, intense emotions. You might wonder how youll ever pick up the pieces and heal your wounds — yet not feel as if youre betraying your loved ones memory. There are no quick fixes for the grief and anguish that follow a loved ones death. As you face your grief, acknowledge the pain and know that its part of the healing process. Take good care of yourself, and seek support from friends and loved ones. Although your life will never be quite the same, the searing pain of grief will eventually become less intense. Accepting your new normal can help you reconcile your losses and move on with your life. Hospice Care Also called: End-of-life care Hospice care is end-of-life care provided by health professionals and volunteers. They give medical, psychological and spiritual support. The goal of the care is to help people who are dying have peace, comfort and dignity. The caregivers try to control pain and other symptoms so a person can remain as alert and comfortable as possible. Hospice programs also provide services to support a patients family. Usually, a hospice patient is expected to live 6 months or less. Hospice care can take place * At home * At a hospice center * In a hospital * In a skilled nursing facility - What is the role of the family? Family members often make sacrifices to care for relatives. Families provide care, pain management, and protect the patient. Although they may lack knowledge, caregivers gain satisfaction and pride from providing care, but are also at risk for depression and health problems related to caregiver stress (Haley Bailey, 1999: Haley et al., 2001; Weitzner, Haley, Chen, 2000). Some cultures may believe caring is the community’s duty and obligation. Caregivers benefit from social support, maintaining social activities and roles, and psychological interventions that teach coping skills. Most people want their family to be given choices about treatment and few wanted the physician to decide alone (Bradley, 1998). End of life: Caring for a dying loved one Whether you bring a dying loved one home or keep vigil at the hospital, you can take measures to provide comfort and relief at the end of life. Caring for a dying loved one isnt easy. Even when you know the end of life is approaching, you might not feel prepared. Understanding what to expect — and what you can do to increase your loved ones comfort — can help. * Choosing where to die Your loved one may have various choices for end-of-life care. Options may include: * Home care. Many people choose to die at home or in the home of a family member. You can assume the role of caregiver or hire home care services for support. Hospice care — services that help ensure the highest quality of life for whatever time remains — can be provided at home as well. * Inpatient care. Some people may prefer round-the-clock care at a nursing home, hospital or dedicated inpatient hospice facility. Hospice and palliative care — a holistic treatment approach intended to ease symptoms, relieve pain, and address spiritual and psychological concerns — can be provided in any of these environments. When you discuss the options with your loved one, consider his or her preferences as well as special physical, emotional and psychosocial needs. Evaluate how much support can be provided by family members and friends. For help determining the best option, talk with your loved ones health care team or a social worker. You might ask for a referral to palliative or hospice care specialists — health care providers trained in specific care for people nearing the end of life. * Spirituality at the end of life As your loved one approaches the end of life, he or she may talk about spirituality or the meaning of life. Dont force the subject — but if it comes up, encourage your loved one to explore and address his or her feelings. You might ask your loved one open-ended questions about his or her beliefs and experiences or most meaningful moments. You may want to invite a spiritual leader to visit your loved one as well. * Saying goodbye You can help your loved one communicate his or her final wishes for family and friends. Encourage your loved one to share his or her feelings, including thanks or forgiveness, and give others a chance to say goodbye. This may stimulate discussion about important, unsaid thoughts, which can be meaningful for everyone. Your loved one might also find it comforting to leave a legacy — such as creating a recording about his or her life or writing letters to loved ones, especially concerning important future events. * Recognizing when death is near Its difficult to predict exactly when someone will die. As death approaches, however, your loved one may show various signs and symptoms indicating that the end of life is near. Look for: * Restlessness and agitation. Your loved one may frequently change positions. * Withdrawal. Your loved one may no longer want to participate in social events or other favorite activities. * Drowsiness. Your loved one may spend most of his or her time asleep. * Loss of appetite. Your loved one may eat and drink less than usual. * Pauses or other changes in breathing. This may happen when your loved one is asleep or awake. Providing comfort The active phase of dying usually begins several days before death. Although you cant change whats happening to your loved one, you can help him or her feel as comfortable as possible — ideally with the support of palliative or hospice care specialists. Your loved one also may experience a brief, final surge of energy. Though it can be confusing to see your loved one with renewed vitality, remember that this is a normal part of dying. If it happens, take advantage of the opportunity to enjoy your loved one and say your final goodbyes. * Keeping vigil For many families, keeping vigil near a dying loved ones bed is a way to show support and love. If you decide to keep vigil, continue talking to your loved one. If you think your loved one would want to share this time with others, invite family members or close friends to show their support as well. Express your love, but also let your loved one know that its all right to let go. What is working? Mental health providers with palliative expertise can improve communication and resources. Mental health experts help providers understand the patient’s concerns and culture. They explain confusing medical terms and clarify CPR, pain management, and other treatments and encourage collaboration. Mental health providers also help relieve the common emotional distress and grief resulting from a terminal illness or care giving. COPING WITH BEREAVEMENT â€Å"IN OUR HEARTS, WE ALL KNOW THAT DEATH IS A PART OF LIFE. IN FACT, DEATH GIVES MEANING TO OUR EXISTENCE BECAUSE IT REMINDS US HOW PRECIOUS LIFE IS.† * Coping With Loss The loss of a loved one is life’s most stressful event and can cause a major emotional crisis. After the death of someone you love, you experience bereavement, which literally means â€Å"to be deprived by death.† Remember — It takes time to fully absorb the impact of a major loss. You never stop missing your loved one, but the pain eases after time and allows you to go on with your life. * Knowing What to Expect When a death takes place, you may experience a wide range of emotions, even when the death is expected. Many people report feeling an initial stage of numbness after first learning of a death, but there is no real order to the grieving process. Some emotions you may experience include: * Denial * Disbelief * Confusion * Shock * Sadness * Yearning * Anger * Humiliation * Despair * Guilt These feelings are normal and common reactions to loss. You may not be prepared for the intensity and duration of your emotions or how swiftly your moods may change. You may even begin to doubt the stability of your mental health. But be assured that these feelings are healthy and appropriate and will help you come to terms with your loss. * Mourning A Loved One It is not easy to cope after a loved one dies. You will mourn and grieve. Mourning is the natural process you go through to accept a major loss. Mourning may include religious traditions honoring the dead or gathering with friends and family to share your loss. Mourning is personal and may last months or years. Grieving is the outward expression of your loss. Your grief is likely to be expressed physically, emotionally, and psychologically. For instance, crying is a physical expression, while depression is a psychological expression. It is very important to allow yourself to express these feelings. Often, death is a subject that is avoided, ignored or denied. At first it may seem helpful to separate yourself from the pain, but you cannot avoid grieving forever. Someday those feelings will need to be resolved or they may cause physical or emotional illness. Many people report physical symptoms that accompany grief. Stomach pain, loss of appetite, intestinal upsets, sleep disturbances and loss of energy are all common symptoms of acute grief. Of all life’s stresses, mourning can seriously test your natural defense systems. Existing illnesses may worsen or new conditions may develop. Profound emotional reactions may occur. These reactions include anxiety attacks, chronic fatigue, depression and thoughts of suicide. An obsession with the deceased is also a common reaction to death. * Dealing with a Major Loss The death of a loved one is always difficult. Your reactions are influenced by the circumstances of a death, particularly when it is sudden or accidental. Your reactions are also influenced by your relationship with the person who died. A child’s death arouses an overwhelming sense of injustice — for lost potential, unfulfilled dreams and senseless suffering. Parents may feel responsible for the child’s death, no matter how irrational that may seem. Parents may also feel that they have lost a vital part of their own identity. A spouse’s death is very traumatic. In addition to the severe emotional shock, the death may cause a potential financial crisis if the spouse was the family’s main income source. The death may necessitate major social adjustments requiring the surviving spouse to parent alone, adjust to single life and maybe even return to work. Elderly people may be especially vulnerable when they lose a spouse because it means losing a lifetime of shared experiences. At this time, feelings of loneliness may be compounded by the death of close friends. A loss due to suicide can be among the most difficult losses to bear. They may leave the survivors with a tremendous burden of guilt, anger and shame. Survivors may even feel responsible for the death. Seeking counseling during the first weeks after the suicide is particularly beneficial and advisable. Living with Grief Coping with death is vital to your mental health. It is only natural to experience grief when a loved one dies. The best thing you can do is allow yourself to grieve. There are many ways to cope effectively with your pain. * Seek out caring people. Find relatives and friends who can understand your feelings of loss. Join support groups with others who are experiencing similar losses. * Express your feelings. Tell others how you are feeling; it will help you to work through the grieving process. * Take care of your health. Maintain regular contact with your family physician and be sure to eat well and get plenty of rest. Be aware of the danger of developing a dependence on medication or alcohol to deal with your grief. * Accept that life is for the living. It takes effort to begin to live again in the present and not dwell on the past. * Postpone major life changes. Try to hold off on making any major changes, such as moving, remarrying, changing jobs or having another child. You should give yourself time to adjust to your loss. * Be patient. It can take months or even years to absorb a major loss and accept your changed life. * Seek outside help when necessary. If your grief seems like it is too much to bear, seek professional assistance to help work through your grief. It’s a sign of strength, not weakness, to seek help.

A Comprehensive Study on Banks Essay Example for Free

A Comprehensive Study on Banks Essay Every business needs funds for two purposes for its establishment and to carry out its day-to-day operations. Long terms funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as plant and machinery, land, building, etc. Investments in these assets represent that part of firms capital which is blocked on permanent or fixed basis and is called fixed capital. Funds are also needed for short-term purpose for the purchase of raw material, payment of wages and other day-to-day expenses etc. These funds are known as working capital. In simple terms, working capital refers to that part of the firms capital which is required for financing short-term of current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors inventories. Funds, thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted into cash and this cash flow out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence, it is also known as revolving or circulating capital or short term capital. 1) Jeng-Ren, C. Cheng, L. (2006) in their article, â€Å"Determinants of working capital† investigate the determinants of working capital management. This study investigates the relation of business indicator and management of short-term capital from the perspective of a firms working capital management, which traditionally is rated by current ratio, quick ratio, and net working capital.The authors have used net liquid balance and working capital requirements as measures of a companys working capital management. Results indicate that the debt ratio and operating cash flow affect the companys working capital management, and how it influences the business cycle, industry effect, growth of the company, performance of the company and firm size. From the data it can be seen that companies could maintain relatively loose capital management during the prosperous period (1999-2000), when capital was readily available in the market. When the economy slumped dramatically at the end of 2000, financial institutions began to tighten their capital policies, forcing companies to gradually operate a looser policy in working capital management. The regression results show the company has to operate a looser working capital management policy in times of recession, as it is not easy to raise capital from outside the firm, so more liquid assets are kept to maintain a relatively higher NLB. The authors conclude that debt ratio and operating cash flow evaluated by both WCR and NLB exert influence on working capital management. 2) Harris, A. (2005) conducted a study â€Å"Working capital management: difficult, but rewarding†. It focuses on the different requirements and the important role that human beings play in the working capital management process. There are various important steps that need to be met in order for them to manage their short term needs primiarily. The author compares Working Capital Management in theory and practice. Internal considerations such as organizational structure, shared systems, autonomous business units, multinational operations and even information technology can impact working capital. The author also stresses on the importance of proper forecasting for efficient Working Capital Management. 3) Filbeck, G. Krueger, T. (2005) in their article, â€Å"An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across Industries,† find that all industries use different modes of working capital managament techniques for their functioning. Even their techniques change over time. Industry factors may impact firm credit policy, inventory management, and bill-paying activities. Some firms may be better suited to minimize receivables and inventory, while others maximize payables. Given everything the importance of working capital cannot be ignored and its reticfication to cope with the changing environment should be the main focus of the company. 4) Pimplapure, V. Kulkarni, P. (2011) conducted a study, â€Å"Working Capital Management: Impact of Profitability†. A firm can be very profitable, but if this is not rendered into cash from operations within the same operating cycle, the firm would need to borrow to support its continued working capital needs. For this study various statistical tools such as correlation and multiple regressions can be used. These tools are used to understand the direct impact of working capital on the profitablity of the firm. 5) Erasmus, P. (2010) in his article, â€Å"Working capital management and profitability: The relationship between the net trade cycle and return on assets,† states that, efficient working capital management should contribute to the creation of shareholder value. This study investigates the relationship between working capital management and firm profitability. Based on the results of the study done in this article, it would appear that management could attempt to improve firm profitability by decreasing the overall investment in net working capital. There is an indirect relationship between the two this is also proved in the article, â€Å"Working Capital Management: Impact of Profitability.† Regarding the normal operations of a firm, working capital management attracts less attention than capital budget and capital structure in financial management. Working capital management relates to the source and application of short-term capital. When working capital is managed improperly, allocating more than enough of it will render management non-efficient and reduce the benefits of short-term investment. On the other hand, if working capital is too low, the company may miss profitable investment opportunities or suffer short-term liquidity crises, leading to degradation of company credit, as it cannot respond effectively to temporary capital requirements. We cannot dimiss the importance of the working capital management in the working of a successful enterprise. 6) Singh, P. (2008) conducted a study titled, â€Å"Inventory and Working Capital Management: An Empirical Analysis†. The importance of working capital management is due to two reasons: (i) a substantial portion of the investment is invested in current assets, and (ii) level of current assets will change quickly, with the variation in sales. Hence, in this study, an attempt has been made to analyze the size and composition of working capital and whether such an investment has increased or declined over a period. We need to first determine the requirement of current assets, one of the important tasks of the financial manager is to select a group of appropriate sources of finance for the current assets. Normally, the excess of current assets over current liabilities should be financed by the long-term sources. It is not possible to find out precisely which long-term sources has been used to finance current assets, but it can be examined as to what proportion of current assets has been financed by long-term funds. Therefore, this article tries to carry out a study in this regard. Inventory is one of the major components of current assets, which requires huge investments. The main purpose of carrying inventory is to uncouple the operation, to make each function of the firm independent of the other functions, so that delay in one area does not affect the production and sales activities. As the shutting down of the production results in increased costs and delay in the delivery can result in loosing the customers, inventory management assumes significance in any firm and it is of great concern to any financial manager. Any firm would like to hold higher inventory. This will enable the firm to be more flexible in supply and find ease in its production schedule. Most of the customers may require immediate help in meeting their demands. However, there is always a cost involved in the inventories. This cost includes the capital cost of the stock and the cost of storing and carrying. Inventories are the assets of the firm and as such, they represent an investment. As such investments require a commitment of funds, managers must ensure that the firm maintains inventories at the correct level. If they become too large, the firm loses the opportunities to employ those funds more effectively. Similarly, if they are too small, the firm may lose sales. Therefore, it is better to maintain an optimum level of inventories that is needed in an organization. While analyzing working capital, it is important to analyze the various components of working capital especially inventory, because inventory is one of the major components and is nearly 50% of the current assets. Hence, it is necessary to analyze the size of inventory and the impact on working capital management. 7) Lifland, S. (2010) in his article, â€Å"The Corporate Soap-Opera, As the Cash Turns: Management of Working Capital and Potential External Financing Needs† finds that firms that efficiently manage their working capital are characterized as having increasing asset turnover ratios and decreasing days of receivables and inventories over the years, are ‘freeing up’ capital. Corporations use these ‘found’ funds to improve their supply chains, corporate logistics, and payment systems. The Days of the Working Capital Cycle represents the average number of days that cash must be committed to the management of a company’s working capital needs. A decline in the ratio translates into the firm’s ability to improve its inflows and management of cash. The existence and maintenance of working capital is the lifeblood of a corporation. It is the cash flow that revitalizes operations or slows it down to inoperable levels. Regardless of the size of th e company, the management of working capital accounts should influence its financial health. Kargar and Blumenthal (1994) found that small businesses were significantly impacted by management’s ability to successfully plan the cash requirements of the firm. Managers need to monitor the ratio of total working capital to total company assets, as a relatively high figure can signal future strains on the operational financial health of the firm. 8) Kelleher, J. MacCormack, J. (2005) consider the complexity of considering the internal rate of return (IRR) on capital projects. A survey was conducted by the management consulting firm McKinsey Co. This study asked 30 executives about the risks of this practice, They were surprised to find that only six were aware of IRRs deficiencies. The article defines the risks IRR poses to capital budget management, considers the use of modified internal rate of return. IRR is a true indication of a projects annual return on investment only when the project generates no interim cash flows — or when those interim cash flows really can be invested at the actual IRR. 9) Etiennot, H. Preve, L. (2012) in their study, â€Å"Working Capital Management: An Exploratory Study.† found that Working capital management is an issue in which finance research is scarce. One possible reason behind this fact might relate to the relative ease with which efficient financial markets correct deviations from optimal working capital policies. However, in less efficient financial markets, pervasive among emerging economies, working capital management is critical for both firms performance and survival. The difference in the markets ability for providing immediate assistance to firms might explain the differential consequences on firms profitability and financial distress. This article explains the fundamentals of working capital management, the importance of its interaction with financial markets, and how this interaction might explain working capital patterns around the world and in the various successful organizations that use it. 10) Singh, J. Pandey, S. (2008) conducted a study, â€Å"Impact of Working Capital Management in the Profitability of Hindalco Industries Limited.† For any successful working of any business organization, fixed and current assets play a vital role. Management of working capital is essential as it has a direct impact on profitability and liquidity. This is a study of the working capital components and the impact of working capital management on profitability of Hindalco Industries Limited. The study is based on secondary data collected from annual reports of Hindalco for the study period 1990 to 2007. The ratio analysis, percentage method and coefficient of correlation have been used to analyze the data. The current assets of Hindalco witnessed a steady growth over the past years which were 40 times more in 2007 in comparison to that of 1990. Inventory and loans and advances mainly supported this increase. The study also shows that the contribution of long term source in working capital is below 30% in all the study period. This study effectively showed that working capital has a big impact on the profitability of the firm.

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay

Theory Of Tensile Test Engineering Essay Tensile test is a standard engineering procedure to characterize properties related to mechanical behavior of materials. The properties describe the response of the material during the actual loading conditions. The variation in geometry of the specimen has to be considered. Although the behavior of the material inside elastic limit is of considerable importance but the knowledge beyond elastic limit is also relevant but plastic effects with large deformation takes place in number of manufacturing processes. The Fracture toughness acts to stop the progress of fracture in a material. Fracture toughness vary according to the loading rate, environment, temperature, the composition of material and its microstructures together with geometric effects. These factors are important for welded joints when metallurgical and geometrical effects are complex. Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant, surface energy, fracture toughness and derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, surface energy per unit area / per unit mole, and fracture toughness using dynamic fatigue. life equation are presented in this chapter. 2.2 TENSILE TEST The engineering Tensile Test is also known as tension test which vary widely used for providing the base of the design information on the strength of material and as an acceptance test for the specification of the materials. Tensile Tests are very simple, relatively, inexpensive, and fully standardized. Under the pulling type of loading something, it can be very quickly determined how the material will react to the these type of forces being applied in tension. As the materials are being pulled, its strength and elongation can be find out. A lot of about a substance can be learned from tensile testing. As the machine continues to pull on the material until it breaks, a good, complete tensile profile is obtained. The curve shows how it reacted to the forces being applied. In the tension test a specimen is subjected to a continually increasing one directional tensile force while simultaneous observations are made of the elongation of the ductile specimen. Fig 2.1 shows a typical stress -strain diagram for mild steel. Fig 2.1: Typical Stress-Strain Curve for mild steel [1] A: Proportional limit B: Elastic limit C: Upper yield point D: Lower yield point E: Ultimate stress point F: Breaking point Proportional limit: Stress is a linear function of strain and the material obeys Hookes law. This proportionality extends upto point A and this point is called proportional limit or limit of proportionality. O-A is a straight line portion of the curve and its slope represents the value of modulus of elasticity. Elastic limit: Beyond proportional limit, stress and strain depart from straight line relationship. The material however, remains elastic upto state point B. The word elastic implies that the stress developed in the material is such that there is no residual or permanent deformation when the load is removed. Upto to this point, the deformation is reversible or recoverable. Stress at B is called the elastic limit stress; this represents the maximum unit stress to which a material can be subjected and is still able to return to its original form upon removal of load. Yield point: Beyond elastic limit, the material shows consideral strain even though there is no increase in load or stress. This strain is not fully recoverable, i.e., there is no tendency of the atoms to return to their original position. The behavior of the material is inelastic and the onset of plastic deformation is called yielding of the material. The point C is called the upper yield point and point D is the lower yield point. The difference between the upper and lower yield point is small and the quoted yield stress is usually the lower value. Ultimate strength or tensile strength: After yielding has taken place, the material becomes strain hardened (strength of the specimen increases) and an increase in load is required to take the material to its maximum stress at point E. Strain in this portion is about 100 times than that of the portion from O to D. Point E represents the maximum ordinate of the curve and the stress at this point is known either as ultimate stress or the tensile stress of the material. Breaking strength: In the portion EF, there is falling off the load (stress) from the maximum until fracture takes place at F. The point F is referred to as the fracture or breaking point and the corresponding stress is called the breaking stress [1]. The stress-strain curve is constructed from the load-elongation measurements (fig.2.2).The stress used in this stress-strain profile is the average longitudinal stress in the Tensile Test. It can be obtained by dividing the load by original area of cross-section of the specimen. Stress = (2.1) The strain used for the engineering stress-strain curve is the average linear strain, which is the rate of the elongation of gauge length of the specimen, and its original length. = = = (2.2) Fig 2.2: The Engineering Stress-Strain Curve [2] The magnitude and shape of the stress-strain curve of a metal will depend upon its prior history of plastic deformation, heat treatment, composition , and the strain rate, temperature, and state at which stress imposed during the testing. The different type of parameters which are used to describe the stress-strain curve of a metal are the percentage elongation, reduction of area, tensile strength and yield strength. The first two are ductility; the last two indicates strength parameters. In the zone of elastic limit, strain is measured by an extensometer attached to the gauge length. In the elastic limit stress is linear proportional to strain. When the load exceeds a value above the yield strength, the specimen undergoes to plastic deformation. It is permanently deformed if the load is released to zero. The stress, to produce continuous plastic deformation, increases with increasing plastic strain i.e. the metal strain-hardens [2] . The volume of the specimen remains constant during plastic deformation, = o o (2.3) Where = Final area of cross section of specimen = Final length of specimen o = Original area of cross section of specimen o = Original length of specimen And as specimen elongates, due to this it decreases uniformly in cross sectional area. At the beginning the strain hardening more than compensates for this decrease in area and the engineering stress continues rises with increasing strain finally a point is arrived where the effect of decrease in specimen cross-sectional area is higher than the increase in deformation load arising from the strain hardening. This typical condition reaches first at some point in the specimen that is slightly weaker than the rest. The further non elastic deformation is concentrated in this region, and the specimen begins to neck or thin down locally. For the reason that the cross-sectional area now is decreasing far more rapid rate than the deformation load is increased by strain hardening, the actual amount of load required to deform the specimen falls and the engineering stress in the same way continues to decrease until fracture occurs. Many varieties of fractures can occur during the processing of m etals and their use in different types of application. One of them is the Ductile Fracture. [3] 2.2.1 DUCTILE FRACTURE Ductile fracture has been defined as fracture occurring with appreciable gross deformation. Ductile fracture in tension is usually defined by a localized reduction in diameter called necking. Very ductile metals may actually draw down to a line or a point before separation. This kind of failure is usually called by rupture. Consider segment of a cylindrical bar of length , cross-sectional area A0 and subjected to a load as shown in fig 2.3(a) when the load is increased to 12 and further to , the area of cross-section decreases to 12 and and length elongates to 12210 as shown in figs. 2.3 b-c-d. The conventional stress and conventional strain are obtained in each case by It clearly shows that the original A is assumed constant .This criteria may be true for elastic range only as elastic reduction in cross-sectional area is negligible , being only about 0.1% . The strains are also very small. However, while dealing with the plastic range, the reduction in cross-sectional area and the strain are large (compare Fig. 2.3 a and b). Hence cannot be taken as constant, and may not be used for strain calculations at all the loads. Thus the need arises to obtain true stress and true strain in plastic range. These are determined in steps as follows [4]. Fig 2.3: Stages in the formation of a cup-and-cone fracture [4]. 2.3 Universal Testing Machine The servo hydraulic testing machines provide both load controlled and displacement control machine. These versatile machines are well adapted to computer control. With modern computer control it is possible to conduct tests based on the control of calculated variables such as true strain or stress intensity factor. Fig2.4 shows a picture of Universal Testing Machine. In UTM top cross head can be adjusted to three positions for extended tension tests (the left hand side of the machine). There are two main hand wheel controls, one for applying and the other for releasing the load. The loading valve is designed in so manner that at any setting, needed for applying incremental loads, for applying the loads quickly, for holding the loads steady and for removing the loads. An autographic recorder is used to plot the stress-strain curve during the test itself. Specimens are attached to a movable grip and to a fixed side-gripping device. A parallel spring is made of four thin plates to serve as the straight guide mechanism for the movable grip. The movable grip and straight guide mechanism are lifted over the base of the tensile testing machine so that they were not affected by friction which would otherwise seriously impair the accuracy of the Tensile Tests. Load is applied by pulling (using a precision translation stage driven by a D.C. motor) one end of steel belt, the other end, is connected to the movable grip. A load cell with a rated capacity is used to measure the load, which is the sum of the loads applied to the specimen and parallel spring. The load applied or the specimen is calculated by subtracting the load applied to the parallel spring, calculated from the Fig 2.4: Universal Testing Machine. [3] Characteristics of the parallel spring measure in advance, from the measure load. The elongation was determined by measuring the relative displacement of the two gauge marks on the specimen. The characteristics of the testing machine have a strong influence on the shape of the stress-strain diagram and the fracture behavior a rigid testing machine with a spring constant is known as a hard machine. A screw-driven mechanical machine tends to be hard machines, while hydraulically driven testing machines are soft machines. A hard testing machine produces the upper and lower yield point, but in a soft machine only the extension at constant load will be recorded. Universal Testing Machine is used to conduct the Tensile Test. There are two types of machines used in tension testing. 1. Load controlled machine 2. Displacement controlled machines [3]. 2.4 ELASTIC CONSTANT Materials may be isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic. Isotropic materials posses four elastic constants named Youngs modulus Poissons ratio shear modulus and bulk modulus These constants are invariant and do not ordinarily change under any effect . Strain and stress on basis of atomic theory Force versus distance of atomic separation curve and bond length described in fig 2.5.The inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to when a compressive force is applied. Similarly on application of a tensile force the inter-atomic equilibrium distance decreases to this externally applied force is equal in magnitude but opposite in nature of inter-atomic force Therefore (2.4) Fig 2.5: Change in inter atomic distance on application of compressive forces [5]. Where is the potential energy which in the most general way can be expressed as (2.5) Hence are constant in which .The increase in length of interatomic distance is called elongation, and is given by to (2.6) Similarly the decrease in length of inner -atomic distance is called contraction ,and it is express as, (2.7) (a). The Strain is then defined as the change in length of inter atomic distance over bond length . The tensile strain ÃŽÂ µt and compressive strain ÃŽÂ µc are related as [5] ÃŽÂ µt = = and ÃŽÂ µc = = (b). The Stress à Ã†â€™ is defined as the internal resisting force i.e. inter atomic force F per unit cross sectional area A of a material. Therefore à Ã†â€™ = Due to Eqs. 2.4 and 2.5 it can be written as à Ã†â€™ = = = (2.8) The stress can be either tensile or compressive in nature. Poissons Ratio: A material, subjected to a tensile stress, elongates in the direction of tensile axis but contracts in the transverse direction the transverse strains always bear a constant ratio, with the longitudinal strain. This ratio is called Poissons ratio and is expressed by (2.9) Youngs modulus: In the fig 2.5 a tangent is drawn at .It coincide with the curve over a small range and . AB is in elastic region. This slope is proportional to the youngs modulus E of a material, Thus [5] It may be approximated that the force acts on area which is the average area per atom since number of bonds per unit area is 1/ and also knowing macroscopically that stress is proportional to strain within elastic limit (Hookes law), (2.10) (2.11) The youngs modulus is also known as modulus of elasticity or elastic modulus. Its value for a material is influenced by factor such as bonding character, temperature, and anisotropy strongly bonded solids with three dimensional network possess high values of elastic modulus [5]. The effect of temperature is to lower down the elastic modulus by 10% to 20% between 0 K to melting point .The variation of as a function of temperature for carbon steel can be expressed by (2.12) Where is in Kelvin and is in kgf/cm2 Shear Modulus: The ratio of shear stress and the shear strain ÃŽÂ ³ is defined as shear modulus or modulus of rigidity It is related to the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio by (2.13) Bulk Modulus: A material under three dimensional loading is subjected to the stresses axes respectively. The initial volume of the material changes by then lk modulus or modulus of elasticity of volume is defined as the ratio of average stress to volumetric strain and is expressed by [5] (2.14) Where (2.15) And (2.16) (2.17a) (2.17 b) (2.17c) Here are the linear strains along axes respectively.is related to and by = (2.18) The three elastic modulii are related as (2.19a) In materials such as gels, pastes, putties and colloidal system, therefore (2.19b) 2.5 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Fracture toughness, is defined as resistance of a material to failure from fracture starting from preexisting crack. Mathematically, it is expressed as = (2.20) Where is a dimensionless factor which depends upon the following: The geometry of the crack and material. 2. The loading configuration if the sample is subject to tension or bending. 3. The ratio of crack length to specimen width. 4. Amount of load (stress) applied to the specimen Where = crack length. = width of specimen Fig 2.6: A specimen with an interior crack [6]. Note that the entire crack length is equal to a Fig 2.7: A specimen with a through-thickness crack [6]. Fig 2.8: A specimen with a half circle surface crack [6]. Figure 2.6 shows that a is not always the total length of the crack, but sometimes it is half of the crack length in case of Interior crack [6]. The values for Y vary with respect to the shape and location of the crack. Some important values of Y for short cracks subjected to a tension load are as follows: For an interior crack which is shown in fig 2.6. For a through-thickness surface crack which is shown in fig 2.7 For a half-circular surface crack which is shown in fig 2.8 Fracture toughness,has the English customary units of psi inch1/2,and the SI units of MPa m1/2 2.5.1 Plane strain fracture toughness For thin samples, the value decreases with increasing sample thickness, b, as shown in Figure 2.9. Finally, becomes independent of b, called as the conditions of plane strain. This fixed value of becomes known as the plane strain fracture toughness. Mathematically, it is expressed as: = [7]. (2.21) Fig 2.9: A fracture toughness vs. thickness graph [7]. This value for the fracture toughness is the value normally specified because it is never greater than or equal to. The I subscript for, stands for mode I, or tensile mode [7]. 2.5.2 Fracture toughness testing machine A sharp fatigue crack(break) is inserted in the specimen, which is loaded to failure. The crack driving force is measured for the failure condition, giving the fracture toughness [9]. g Fig 2.10: Fracture mechanics testing. [9] 2.5.3 Test specimens for fracture toughness The mostly uses fracture toughness test configurations are the single sharp edge notch bend (SENB or three-point bend), and the compact (CT) specimens, as shown in fig 2.11. These type of compact specimen has the advantage that it requires less amount of material, but is more expensive to machine and more difficult to test compared with the SENB specimen. Special requirements are needed for temperature control, for this purpose we use an environmental chamber. The SENB specimens are typically immersed in a bath for low temperature tests. Although the compact specimen is loaded in tension, the crack tip conditions are predominantly bending (high constraint). If limited materials are available, it is possible to construct the SENB specimens by welding extension pieces (for the loading arms) to the material sample. (Electron beam welding(EBW) is typically used, because the weld is narrow and causes little distortion). Fig 2.11: Examples of common fracture toughness test specimen (a) SENB Specimen (b) CT Specimen [10]. Other specimen configurations are the centre-cracked tension (CCT) panels, single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens, and shallow-crack tests. These special types of tests are connected with lower levels of constraint, and can be more structurally representative than standard CT or SENB specimens. The SENT specimens are being used to determine fracture toughness of pipeline girth in submarine pipelines, especially where the installation method involves plastic straining. The position and orientation of the specimens are important. The location and orientation of the notch is critical, especially for welded joints. The orientation of the notch is defined with respect to either the weld axis or the rolling direction or forging axis of other components. In the standard SENB C T specimens are shown in Fig 2.11, the notch depth is range of 45 to 70% of the specimen width, W, giving a lower-bound conservative estimate of fracture toughness, because of the high level of crack tip constrai nt generated by the specimen design only [10]. 2.5.4 Fracture toughness Measurement Fig 2.12: Two ASTM standard compact specimen of different Widths (b). [8] There are many different experiments which can be used to obtain a value of. Almost any size and shape of sample can be used as long as it is consistent with mode I crack displacement. A possible and very simple experiment that can be performed to find a value for fracture toughness by screw-driven universal testing machine. This testing machine loads the specimen, at a constant strain rate, while a Load vs. Displacement curve is plotted by an X-Y recorder. From this plot, a possible value for Y can be calculated. With this value can be calculated. [8] 2.5.5 Effect of temperature on fracture toughness Fracture toughness varies with temperature, crack size and crack location and does not change with sample thickness. Fracture toughnessdoes also vary with strain rate, shown in figure 2.13 [9] Fig 2.13 : Fracture Toughness vs. Temperature for several steels. [9] 2.6 SURFACE ENERGY Surface energy is defined as the potential energy per unit area of surface film. It may be also defined as the amount of work done in increasing the area of the surface film through unity. Surface energy per unit area is also known as surface tension of liquid [11]. 2.6.1 Surface energy measurement of the solid The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence also the surface energy density). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of the liquid by an amount, , a quantity of work, is needed (where is the surface energy density of the liquid). However, such a method cannot be used to measure the surface energy of a solid materials for the reason that stretching of a solid membrane induces elastic energy in the bulk in addition to increasing the surface energy. The surface energy of a solid is usually measured at high temperatures. At such temperatures the solid creeps and even though the surface area changes, the entire volume remains approximately constant [11]. 2.7 FATIGUE POTENTIAL ENERGY (U0) AND LETHARGY COEFFICIENT (ÃŽÂ ³) The dynamic fatigue equation for high-cycle fatigue under fully reversed tension-compression loading is given by [12]. =constant (2.18). From Eq. (2.18) we can say that (2.19) Where is alternating stress amplitude that gives and=1 Eq. (2.18) is rewritten as â‚ ¬Ã‚   (2.20) Lethargy coefficient can be calculated from S-N curve, to the a variation of stress amplitude to the logarithm of number of cycles to failure, as shown in fig 2.14 Fig 2.14: The S-N curve [12]. 2.8 MICROSTRUCTURAL PROCESS UNDER HIGH- CYCLE FATIGUE LOADING For high-cycle fatigue conditions, stress amplitude is below yield strength of the material, so that the strain is normally elastic. If strain is purely elastic, These will be no fatigue because elastic straining is, a reversible process. However, this difficulty is associated with over-simplification introduced by concept of a yield strength and assumption of purely elastic deformation below this yield strength. All metals undergo a minor amount of plastic strain even at low stresses. This is called microstrain, because at stresses well below yield strength the magnitude of plastic strain is small as compare to elastic strain. Microscopic examination of surfaces of samples that have been subjected to cyclic loading reveals that micro strain occurs in homogeneously in the sample, with the entire strain seemingly concentrated in a relatively few slip bands. These slip bands form during the first few thousand cycles and remain active until after a crack is formed. Because straining in these bands continues after the bulk of material has stopped undergoing strain, they are called persistent slip bands. Since the strain is so inhomogeneous, plastic strain amplitude in persistent slip bands is quite large compared to average strain amplitude. Thus damage accumulation leading to crack formation can continue in persistent slip bands at very low average plastic strain amplitude. The nature of damage which leads to crack formation in high cycle fatigue seems to be related to formation of intrusions and extrusions within slip bands. In this phenomenon, material is pushed out of surface at one point in the band and material is drawn in to form deep valleys at other points in the bands. Once a true crack has formed in a material, the presence of the crack itself dominates the stress and strain behavior in its vicinity. The development of the theory of fracture mechanics to describe the behavior of bodies which contain cracks has been quite useful in reaching an understandi ng of the process of crack propagation in fatigue [13]. 2.9 SURFACE ENERGY AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS The Arrhenius model for the fatigue life equation and Zhurkovs static fatigue equation are of the same type, given as [14] = (2.21) Where = fatigue life of the material = material constant = Kelvin temperature =bonding energy constant of material = lethargy coefficient = function of dynamic fatigue model The fraction of the life already passed by as follows , (2.22) = fraction of the life passed in the time interval dt. The whole life is integrated like = 1 (2.23) In ordinary uniaxial Tensile Test, it is assumed that temperature is constant and that the stress increases linearly Eq. (2.23) becomes Where is the time from the start of loading up to fracture. Because fracture begins at the ultimate tensile strength, the stress is maximum at Eq. (2.23) is simplified as (2.24) The surface energy per mole is defined as (2.25) and the surface energy per unit area as = (2.26) Where surface energy per unit area for elastic brittle fracture is the time for elastic brittle fracture In terms of displacement, the surface energy is given as = (2.27) Eq. (3.27) can be written as = (2.28) Finally fracture toughness may be given as . (2.29) 2.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS In this chapter we have discussed that fracture toughness is very important for welded joints where geometric effects are complex .Theory of Tensile Test, elastic constant and surface energy and fracture toughness are presented in this chapter. The derivation of fatigue potential energy, lethargy coefficient, and surface energy per unit area, surface energy per unit mole and fracture toughness from dynamic fatigue equation are carried out.

Does God Exist? :: essays research papers fc

Does God Exist?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Thomas Aquinas has written several important works. Some of them are: The Disputed Questions on the Power of God, Exposition of Dionysius on the Divine Names and Disputed Questions on Spiritual Creatures. Most of Aquinas's works have been written to try to prove the existence of God. Aquinas has been a firm believer that everything had to have a creator and the only possible solution would be something called God. It is with this idea that Aquinas's Third Way was written.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his De aeternitate mundi contra murmurantes, Aquinas insists that human reason cannot prove the impossibility of an eternally created universe. Once again Aquinas has written with the certainty that God has to exist in order to have created the universe. There is no doubt in Aquinas's mind that everything was created for a reason and that reason was God's will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the text Medieval Philosophy, St. Thomas Aquinas' article entitled Does God Exist? , Aquinas tries to show the different steps that can prove God does exist and that the world had to have been created by God. This article is comprised of five different ways in which Aquinas tries to prove that we can be sure that God exists. In the third way, Aquinas tries to show that God exists if it is true that we exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the article Aquinas says that it is possible for things to exist and for them not to exist. He means that living things will one day become non- living things. Aquinas believes that all things can not be mortal because if it were true, then at some point nothing would exist. What he means is if all things were living things, meaning that they had to be mortal, then at some time these things must also become non-existing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas says that if everything were mortal, then nothing could be existing at present, because what is nonexistent begins to be only through something which already exists. This can be translated to mean that if all mortal things have to stop existing then there can't be anything which exists today. Aquinas believes that it takes a living presence to help create other live things in order for them to live also. This means that there must have been something which existed through eternity to help create living things which exist today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aquinas believes that something had to have created life throughout time in order for things to be living today. He says this thing must have existed from the beginning and that it must still exist now. His belief is that living

School or Prison? :: Cause Effect Violence Essays

School or Prison? At Wyoming Valley West there have been too many disruptions that have given our school a negative reputation. Threats of violence were all too common. These threats affected many people involved in theschool district. They also affected the police officers that put their lives on the line to come into a building with a possible bomb inside. My senior year stands out among the rest. Coming into my senior year of high school, I hoped that I would have a nice, quiet, enjoyable, and memorable year. However, it ended up being the worst year ofmy four years in high school. Within the stretch of a week and a half, there were four bomb threats made at our school. On the days of each threat there was a note found in the girls' lavatory. The first note was found on a Friday afternoon after school was dismissed. I did not hear about it untilthe following Monday. On that day, I was sitting in Law class like any other Monday morning. It wasaround 10:30 A.M., when the principal of the school, Mr. DeRemer, spoke over the loud speaker. He announced that the building was being evacuated. Every student had to immediately leave the building in an orderly fashion and report directly to his or her bus. Those students who drove to school were toleave their vehicles behind. At the time, no one was sure what was happening. When I got home that afternoon, I turned on the television to see if there was anything on the newsMany of the local news stations were at the school, and they reported that there had been a bombthreat. This scared me. It had been only a mere ten months since the tragedy in Littleton, Colorado atColumbine High School. Even though I knew that it was most likely somebody just playing games, I stillhad to think of the worst. We were allowed to return to the school that evening to pick up our cars. The next day, the pranksters did not wait too long too strike again. I was sitting in first period,Classical Literature class. My teacher in that class just happened to be the wife of the superintendent ofWyoming Valley West School District.

Changing Oil in Your Car Essay -- Process Descriptive How To Changing

Changing Oil in Your Car When the average person's car needs an oil change we drive to a Quick Lube and have it done in 20 minutes. Another alternative would be to change the oil your self, this is a fairly simple process, most people with some common sense and some basic hand tools can do it at home on a weekend. The first step is finding out how much oil your car holds and what kind of oil filter fits on your cars engine. Your car's owner's manual will have a capacity section in the back, down the list till you come to the engine oil capacity, and the chart will list the number of quarts that your car needs. Also on most new cars when you can look on the oil cap it should state the oil weight which is recommended by the cars manufacturer. Then you need to go to the local parts house (I prefer Advance or Orileys) get the brand of oil that you prefer in the recommended weight, and quantity. When you pay, you can get the part number for the oil filter, all you have to know is the make of the car and the motor size and they should be able to find the information and then tell you which filter belongs on the car. Remember to get an oil filter wrench to remove the filter of with if don't already have one. Next, go home and find a level spot on which to park your vehicle. Before you jack up the front of the vehicle, you need to set the emergency brake and chock the rear wheels; this is just a safety measure to keep the car form rolling back. Once you have completed this, you need to refer to the owner's manual again for the recommended lift points for the car. You are not able to just put a jack underneath a car and lift it up because you will risk damaging the under body. There are certain places to put the jack to properly ... ...place it in the fill hole (it is located on one of the valve cover of the motor and it has a cap) and add the recommended amount of oil. After you have added oil, replace the cap. Now you are ready to start the motor. When you first start it, there will be no oil pressure so don't be alarmed but watch the gauge, and in about ten to thirty seconds the oil pressure should be up in the normal range. With the engine running, look underneath the vehicle and check the plug and filter to make sure there are no leaks. If there are no leaks, shut the vehicle off and check the oil level on the dip stick and make sure it is between the low and full mark. If the oil is a little low, add a little more at a time, and keep rechecking it until the oil level is full. When you have completed this you are done. This is a fairly simple process and can save you a lot of money over time.

Supply and Demand

Automotive Industry Supply and Demand Katharyn E. Moore Supply and Demand The automobile industry has certainly have seen fluctuations in supply and demand, especially in the last decade. The economic turmoil of the United States has only been one factor in supply and demand of vehicles. This is evident with employment and income of consumers, interest rates, gas prices and the consumers need for more efficient cars. The demand for more fuel-efficient transportation increases as gas prices rise and the supply for fuel-efficient cars also rises. Manufacturers will increase the supply of fuel-efficient cars to meet the demand. If the prices of these cars are more than what the consumer is willing to pay, the demand will decrease and inventory of these cars will increase. A decrease in price of the fuel-efficient care will cause the demand to increase and the manufacturer to increase supply at the price the consumer is willing to pay. Equilibrium is the supply and demand of fuel-efficient cars will meet at a price that the consumer is willing to pay and the price the manufacture will charge for the car (Colander, 2011). The resources needed for the industry whether it is employees, raw materials, financial and technology affect supply and demand in the automotive industry. These resources are needed to facilitate the making of vehicles and their supply either abundant or scarce will affect the industry. The unavailability of steel in manufacturing of fabricated metal product decreases the ability to supply the framework for a vehicle will decrease (Gross output by Industry, 2010). The manufacturer will have to decrease the supply. The limited availability will increase prices of metal and decreases demand for the product at a higher price. If the demand for cars is high, the manufacturer will have to pay the higher cost and forward that increase on to the consumer increasing the price of the car. The consumer may not want the higher cost car and demand for the car will decrease a factor in moving the supply and demand curves of cars. Alternatives in the automobile industry are ongoing as manufacturers are introducing more fuel-efficient cars as well as biofuel (e85) and electric cars. New technology and consumer preference of these alternatives will affect the supply and demand of vehicles. Consumer preference to a more ecological friendly vehicle increases demand and encourages supply increases from the manufacturer. Consumers have the opportunity to help the environment and decrease the usage for gas when renting a vehicle. Enterprise has added electric cars to their rental fleet along with hybrids and fuel-efficient vehicles (Finance News, 2011). The shift in demand for these vehicles will change the demand curve of alternative vehicles. Consumers are the important factor in supply and demand in the automobile industry. Our decisions of a fuel-efficient vehicle and the price we are willing to pay for these vehicles influence the supply and demand. We have choices as consumers, and these choices influence competition, pricing, and demand of vehicles available for purchase. The supplier will act accordingly to these demands and make available the supply of product the consumer wants. The demand for vehicles is dependent on pricing, new technology, fuel efficiency, alternative fuels and competition (Colander, 2011). These decisions will increase or decrease the supply and demand curves with these choices. With all of these and other factors the supply and demand curve will increase and decrease as the market changes with these influences. Supply and demand will always be changing as we choose to purchase products and services that we need for our psychological and physiological needs. References Colander (2011). Introduction into Macroeconomics. Macroeconomics (7th Ed. ), Chapter Four, United States: McGraw-Hill-Create. Finance News. (2011, October 27). Enterprise Rent-a-Car expands electric vehicle fleet. Retrieved October 30, 2011, from Yahoo. com website: http://finance. yahoo. com Gross output by Industry. (2010, December 14). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from Bureau of Economic Analysis website: http://www. bea. gov U. S. International Trade in goods and services. (2011, October 13). Retrieved October 28, 2011, from U. S. Census Bureau – Economic Analysis News website: http://www. bea. gov

A Comparison and Contrast of Andrew Marvell’s

Andrew Marvells To His modest sporting lady and Robert Herricks Corinnas step to the forelet A-Maying ar meters which both(prenominal) present a beaten(prenominal) theme in literature which is Carpe diem which operator seize the twenty-four hours. The poems tell about polar situations wherein you consider to take advantage of the s because such(prenominal) instances are not per adult maleent wave and wouldnt last long.To His coy sporting lady is about a youth man professing his love for a schoolboyish lady, but the lad responds by beingnessness playfully hesitant and demure, as though she was full of uncertainty (Marvell, 1999). But harmonise to the female, dallying as such lead not do, because youth will happen them by swiftly, so there is a necessity for them to take advantage of the situation. He accordingly expounds that if they had the lavishness of time, indeed they could their days idly, admiring to each one opposite musical composition leisurely way out time.But for them the reality is that time is not on their side because it s a wing chariot ever racing along, they wouldnt know exactly when their youth will be gone, but it is certain that if they beart seize the moment, the altogether liaison that would await them would be the grave.In Corinnas Going A-Maying, the vote counter urges Corinna to wake up and make believe up early on the starting of May, so that she would be able to survive laid the fun of the day, as well as the beautiful flowers of the month of May (Herrick, 2008). She is withal t elder to hurry her morning prayers so that she potty already go out into the field to sleep with May.The narrator also told her that opus she spent her time sleeping, many couples have already been engaged, many had played the smooching game, and several other things that could encourage Corinna to go out. In the end, she is told to go charm theyre as yet in their prime, to seize the luck before they grow old and die. With liveliness being short, if Corinna would let the prospect pass, then she couldnt turn back the manpower of time.The title To His Coy Mistress would cogitate that the lady love of young man is not an easy catch. It is phrased in a way that the author reports the invocation of a young man to his beloved. The title Corinnas Going A-Maying implies that Corinna would eventually go out and enjoy the month of May, as she is being persuaded by the narrator.Marvells poem is create verbally in the get-go someone quest of view, though it is presented as a plea of some other person. It reports of what goes on indoors the mind of the man, as his thoughts were manifested through the speech communication in the poem.It shows of an impatient young man, who urgently urges the young lady not to lavishness any more(prenominal) time temporizing and performing hard-to-get. It can be seen as more of a selfish desire for something bestial rather than true love by the man, as he is overflowing with passion, want he cant subdue it anymore. He can be characterized as more of an immature and selfish person than a loving one.On the other hand, Herricks poem is also in the prototypal persona point of view that of a narrator. He is an unnamed individual who urges Corinna to get up of from the bed, go out, and enjoy the first of May. The narrator tells more of the events that Corinna had missed while she was spending her time sleeping. It is more of an definition of the joys that May brings, and what they could expect in the approach path times. The narrator is more of a convincing individual, cogent every kind of news report just to convince Corinna that she needs to go out of bed already.The setting of To His Coy Mistress is not specified in the poem. There is no scene that presents such a place in which the characters would interact. The young man and the young lady are assumed to be from somewhere in England, as suggested by the River Humber which was me ntioned in the poem. In Corinnas Going A-Maying there is also no specified place of fundamental interaction for the people in the poem. It can be assumed that it is in the house of Corinna, wherein she is still in her bedroom, still sleeping.It is evident that for both poems, the speaker or the narrator radius first of beautiful things before telling about the consequences of not seizing the day or grabbing the opportunity. In the poem To His Coy Mistress, it was shown that if the lady and the man were to have the sumptuousness of time, then they could afford of being idle, laudatory and adoring each other for hundreds of years to come.In the poem Corinnas Going A-Maying, the narrator speaks of wonderful things that can be through outside, in order to fully enjoy May. They can pick flowers, interact with other people, and explore love with the opposite sex. However, in the end, the speakers in both poems stated that if they go int seize the opportunity, then the only thing certain for them is that they would grow old and eventually die, without the chance of enjoying the opportunity that they missed.Andrew Marvell and Robert Herricks poems tell the readers about grabbing the opportunity while it is there. We cannot afford to let the opportunity pass us by because we would end up losing it forever. We dont have the luxury of time, and we would eventually find ourselves aging, and unable to do the things when we were young. This is why we should grab every opportunity and seize the day.ReferencesHerrick, R. (2008). Corinnas Going A-Maying. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from http//www.poemhunter.com/poem/corinna-s-going-a-maying/Marvell, A. (1999). To his Coy Mistress. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from http//www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/coy.htm